Refinements to the stability index for skier-triggered dry-slab avalanches Annals of Glaciology

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Four hundred and twenty-three consecutive admissions to a multidisciplinary ICU were followed daily. Patients classified into higher CCS classes had significantly higher PSI scores (P less than 0.001), and there was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between PSI and TISS scores. The linear-logistic regression of observed mortality versus PSI was highly significant (P less than 0.0001) and provided an excellent fit. Highly significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were observed for PSI scores (P less than 0.001), as well as for composite slopes of the regression of PSI scores versus days of care (P less than 0.001).

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A stable value fund is inherently as safe an investment as a money market fund. Historically, such funds provide a slightly higher rate of return than money market funds. The Stability – Instability Index track estimates the stability of the protein in a test tube. Detailed information about this method is available on the ExPASY website.

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Some APIs and projects are so proven and so relied upon that they are unlikely to ever change at all. The Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Global Survey 2023 is an annual stocktaking exercise which aims to present IOM DTM’s operations and activities transparently. The Global Survey focuses on operations active from January 1 to December 31, 2023, with data collection occurring from February to April 2024. Imagine we have a numeric distribution of charge amounts for a fraud model.

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The insurance is commonly issued in the form of a so-called synthetic guaranteed investment certificate (GIC). Stable value funds invest in high-quality government and corporate bonds, short-term, and intermediate-term. An insurance company or bank is contractually obligated to protect the fund’s investors from any loss of capital or interest. A stable value fund is a portfolio of bonds that are insured to protect the investor against a decline in yield or a loss of capital.

  • These decreases in the proportion of slab failures for increasing values of a stability index are measures of the effectiveness of the index.
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  • During the winters of 1995 and 1997, shear strength was measured at various normal load levels for five persistent layers and one non-persistent layer (Table 1).
  • Distributed among the dimensions of democracy, market economy and governance, a total of 17 criteria are subdivided into 49 questions.
  • Additionally, PSI works with various data types, making it adaptable across many machine learning applications.
  • We also investigated a measure of WPLI Stability (WPLIS) to generalize the WPLI measure, classifying periods of high or low stability/volatility.

Re: Stability Index

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Refinements to the stability index for skier-triggered dry-slab avalanches

S’, showed predictive merit for 115 skier-tested slabs up to 1 m in thickness in western Canada, indicating that Reference Föhn.Föhns (1987) study is repeatable in an area with differenl snow pack characteristics. Where the mean slab density, ρ, is obtained from the load (slab weight per unit area), , measured with core samples or a density profile. This assumption of linearity was assessed using density profiles from the Columbia Mountains.

Locked

Figure 2g shows the EEG channel presented as locked to heel strike rather than oddball presentation. The artifacts from this event are many orders of magnitude larger than the voltage changes due to a cognitive response. WPLI, a dynamic network functional connectivity measure, was less sensitive to gait-phase locked artifacts than conventional EEG channel voltage analyses.

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This approach can capture p300-related deflections under controlled artifact-limited conditions. We tested the ability of Weighted Phase Lag Index to recover event-related potentials during locomotion. Weighted Phase Lag Index is a functional connectivity measure that quantified how consistently 90° (or 270°) phase ‘lagging’ one EEG signal was compared to another. 248-channel EEG was recorded as eight subjects performed a visual oddball discrimination and response task during standing and walking (0.8 or 1.2 m/s) on a treadmill. Although the proportion of false unstable predictions for persistent slabs increases from 16% for S’ (Fig. 7) to 23% for Sk (Fig. 8), the proportion of false stable predictions — which are critical — is reduced from 31% for to 6% for Sk. Stability indices used by previous investigators vary depending on whether they include the stress due to artificial triggers, adjusted for normal load due to the slab or adjusted for frame size.

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A practical introduction to Population Stability Index (PSI)

Fund managers aim to replicate the index without active management, whether they create it themselves or rely on another company such as an investment bank or a brokerage. These funds track popular indexes, which are often referenced in financial news as indicators of overall market performance, giving investors insights into the performance of stocks as a whole. Conventional approaches to EEG processing in high-artifact studies rely on post-processing that includes the removal of entire channels and time epochs that are laden with noise. After these steps are taken they often require large averages over trials and subjects to negate the remaining artifact effects.

  • A stable value fund is a portfolio of bonds that are insured to protect the investor against a decline in yield or a loss of capital.
  • The artifacts from this event are many orders of magnitude larger than the voltage changes due to a cognitive response.
  • 248-channel EEG was recorded as eight subjects performed a visual oddball discrimination and response task during standing and walking (0.8 or 1.2 m/s) on a treadmill.
  • Panel (g) shows the voltage amplitude response locked to left heel-strike and how significant the walking artifact is.

Weighted Phase Lag Index

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Oddball and heel-strike locked voltage amplitude responses for a single subject (1) plotted over epochs from 0.5 s before to 1 s after the time-locking event. The color mapped oddball, time-locked, voltage responses of all (a, d), clean/good (b, e), and bad (c, f) channels during standing (top row) and walking (bottom row) are shown. Stable Index Clean channels are defined as those free of movement and EEG artifact, and bad channels are those omitted per the criteria discussed in methods. The standing cases show the cognitive dynamics that can be resolved time-locked to the oddball. The walking cases demonstrate that these dynamics are lost due to walking artifact.

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How Is PSI Used In Model Monitoring and Observability?

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  • Subjects performed only a single block of each condition to minimize the effects of stimulus habituation.
  • While deploying this Helm chart with Argo, you might encounter issues with database migrations not running automatically on upgrade.
  • It extends Stam’s PLI measure, by introducing a phase-difference weighting normalization.

Values of S or S’ between 1 and 1.5 were considered to indicate transitional stabilily and were excluded from the success score. The sueccess score for S or S’ for 110 avalanche slopes was 75% (Reference Föhn.Föhn, 1987). Where ρ is the average slab density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h is the slab thickness measured vertically and is the slope inclination. That’s one reason why it’s crucial for investors to stick with a patient approach to ride out any short-term volatility.

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Index funds are popular with investors because they promise ownership of a wide variety of stocks, greater diversification and lower risk – usually all at a low cost. That’s why many investors, especially beginners, find index funds to be superior investments to individual stocks. The investment information provided in this table is for informational and general educational purposes only and should not be construed as investment or financial advice.

The administration and developers have already provided all the necessary functionality directly in the personal cabinet of the project. Thanks to this, you can choose the direction of investment and monitor the growth of profits. Even without much experience, you can consider Stable Index the most promising platform for making money. Just try to develop your strategy based on analytical information and other data available on the service. Thanks to this, your chances of successfully mastering investment opportunities will be maximized, and thus, the effect of your investment will be maximized as well. Even with the help of special tools Stable Index, getting a full guarantee of the absence of risks is impossible.

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  • The walking cases demonstrate that these dynamics are lost due to walking artifact.
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  • Concurrently, standard (80%) and target (20%) stimuli (0° or 45° rotated black crosses on a white background, respectively) appeared on a monitor placed at eye level about 1 m in front of the subjects.
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While this result may not be ideal for the consolidation of results, it does not imply that WPLI itself is inherently flawed. On the contrary, it suggests a deeper and more robust measure of cognitive dynamics that may vary across subjects and time. Further examination is needed to elucidate the complex WPLI response, much like initial work in the p300 voltage-amplitude response has led to a deeper understanding of the p3a and p3b [21, 30]. When the maximum ski penetration exceeds the slab thickness is defined to be 0, since the weak layer will be highly stressed when the skis approach the weak layer during the skier’s up and down motion. The slab thickness in the start zone h is plotted against S’ (Equation (8)) calculated for 83 persistent slabs (square symbols) and 32 non-persistent slabs (circular symbols) in Figure 7. Slabs that failed are marked with filled symbols and slabs that did not fail are marked with unfilled symbols.

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The indices are based on thestability concepts discussed above and in Chapters 3 and 10, and the fact thatmoist air is less dense than dry air (Box 2.1). These are some of the best index funds on the market, offering investors a way to own a broad collection of stocks at low cost, while still enjoying the benefits of diversification and lower risk. With those benefits, it’s no surprise that these are some of the largest funds on the market.

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To relate stability indices to avalanche activity on avalanche slopes, we tested each failure plane or potential failure plane 7–12 times with the shear frame at a site judged typical of the start zone after the slope was skier-tested. Shear frames were pulled rapidly, resulting in failures in the weak layer within 1 s, which is well within the brittle range (Reference Föhn and CamponovoFöhn and Camponovo, 1997). Coefficients of variation within each set of 7–12 tests averaged 0.17. Ski penetration during skiing, Pk, cannot readily be measured since it depends on the weight of the skier, the area and stiffness of the skis as well as the skiing technique. Estimation based on the resistance profile of hand hardnesses (Reference ColbeckColbeck and others, 1990) was considered but this would have required additional measurements involving an ordinal measure of hardness.

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